Opel manta 400 vs lancia 037 evo 211/29/2023 If a new, fourth owner should be found in Monterey, he or she will receive all original books and documents including a letter from factory test driver and rally team director Giorgio Pianta regarding the modifications carried out in the factory before the first delivery. To date, this Lancia Rally 037 Stradale has covered just under 6,600 kilometers on public roads with its three previous owners. The radiator on the new front subframe came from the Evo 1 rally version, the brakes from the Evo 2. In order to keep up with the higher performance, 0057 received a stronger clutch and extra hardened gears. On the factory test bench, this engine achieved 252 hp. Because of this, Abarth installed an upgrade to the Corsa specification to this vehicle, with an increase in displacement to 2.1 liters, a special crankshaft, modified pistons and connecting rods, a larger cylinder head with larger valves and a rally camshaft. Gianetti in Turin developed and supplied various suspension and engine parts for the Lancia Rally 037. Painted in the typical color ‘Rosso Corsa’ this car originally belonged to Giancarlo Gianetti, whose company L.M. So it’s not surprising that the car with the chassis number 0057, which we show in our picture gallery, has expected hammer price between US$ 475,000 and US$ 600,000 when it is auctioned by RM Sotheby’s at the end of the week during the Monterey Car Week. Of course especially those works cars with rally history reach high prices, but also the value of the Stradale version increases noticeably. Today, the few well-preserved Lancia Rally 037 are sought-after collector’s items. Had Walter attached more importance to the title, he would have been able to win his third as a driver after 1980 (with Opel) and 1982 (with Fiat), but he didn’t and so he skipped some rally events of that year. It was not until 1983 that Lancia entered the full World Championship with Walter Röhrl and Markku Alén winning the Constructors’ World Championship. The official homologation took place in April 1982, followed by several test runs in the same year. Lancia produced a total of 200 road vehicles, 17 rally cars of the original version and 20 rally cars each in stages Evolution 1 and Evolution 2. For power transmission, the same ZF five-speed gearbox was used, which could also be found in the De Tomaso Pantera. In the road version required by the regulations it was 151 kW/205 hp, the rally version started with at least 228 kW/310 hp. Behind the passengers, a two-liter four-cylinder engine from the Fiat 131 Abarth was installed, which was given more power by means of a Roots-like Volumex supercharger. Thanks to double shock absorbers on each wheel and the use of only two different bolt sizes on all major components, which enabled faster service maintenance, was made for rally use. ![]() Together with Abarth and Pininfarina, an extraordinary mid-engined car was created on the basis of the passenger cell of the Lancia Beta Montecarlo with bolted subframes at the front and rear as the ‘Abarth Project SE037′. The development of the 037 began shortly after the new regulations were announced. ![]() In addition the story fits that the Fiat Group particularly ordered some lorries with road salt from Italy for the Rallye Monte Carlo 1983 to clear the mountain passes, whereby on the following day suddenly dry asphalt roads were to be found and the Lancias could win easily. At least on dry asphalt the powerful mid-engined sports car could hold a candle to the Audi quattro. The latter was one of the last successful rally cars without permanent four-wheel drive. ![]() Among the best known are the offshoots of the Audi quattro, the Peugeot 205 T16, the MG Metro 6R4, the Ford RS200 and, in addition to the Lancia Delta S4, its predecessor, the Lancia Rally 037. The rally monsters of the Group B era, on the other hand, are known to this day and are revered wherever an opportunity arises. However, only Porsche with the 961 based on the 959 and Ferrari with the 288 GTO seriously pursued this section of the regulations and therefore ultimately dropped it. In addition, according to similar regulations, circuit vehicles should also be created for the sports car championship. In the summer of 1979, the FIA as the highest motorsports authority, announced the rules of the so-called Group B, according to which sporting GTs, sports saloons and compact cars were to compete in the World Rally Championship from 1982 onwards, provided at least 200 units were sold as street versions.
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Contour definition in shape11/29/2023 ![]() Artists create real texture in art to give the art visual interest or evoke a feeling. Texture also refers to the way a picture may be made to look rough or smooth.ġ8 Categories of texture REAL TEXTURE is the actual texture of an object. A piece of fabric may be soft and smooth and your desk may feel hard and smooth. One-point, two-point, three-point perspective.ġ7 Texture is the surface quality of an objectĪ rock may be rough or jagged. Linear Perspective is the method of using lines to show the illusion of depth in a picture. Focus Point- the object or area you want the viewing to look at first.ġ6 Types of Perspective Non-linear Perspective is a method of showing depth that incorporates the following techniques: position/over-lapping/size variation/color/value. Composition- the organization and placement of elements on your picture plane. Picture Plane- the flat surface of your drawing or canvas. Negative Space- the space around the object, sculpture, or building. A three-dimensional object will have height, width, and depth.ġ5 Categories of Space Positive Space- the actual object, sculpture, or building. This refers to the space of the sculpture or architecture. With a sculpture or architecture you can walk around them, look above them, and enter them. Dynamic Shape- shapes that appear moving and active.ġ4 Space Space is the three-dimensionality of a sculpture. Static Shape- shapes that appear static and resting. In a sculpture, it is the empty shape around and between the sculptural parts. Negative Shapes-In a drawing, it is the space around the positive shapes or the shape around the bowl of fruit. In a sculpture it is the solid form of the sculpture. Positive Shapes- In a drawing or painting positive shapes are the solid forms in a design, such as a bowl of fruit. We see them in nature and with characteristics that are free-flowing, informal, and irregular. We see them in architecture and manufactured items. ![]() Shape is two-dimensional: it has height and width, but no depth.ġ2 Categories of shape Geometric Shapes-circles, squares, rectangles, and triangles. to create color.ĩ Color Harmonies When an artist uses certain color combinations that create different looks and feelings.ġ1 Shape When a line crosses itself or intersects with other lines to enclose a space, it creates a shape. As artist we use pigments in the form of paint, chalk, pencil, etc. For example a red ball reflects the red light rays. When the light ray hits an object, our eyes respond to the light that is bounced back and we see the color. Shining a light into a prism will create a rainbow of colors because the structure of the prism separates the colors of the spectrum. Within this light ray are all the rays of color in the SPECTRUM or rainbow. Light rays move in a straight path from a light source. The direction an object is pointing to, or the direction a person is looking at.ħ Color Color comes from light if it weren’t for light, we would have no color. Implied line- Lines that are not actually drawn but are created by a group of objects seen at a distance. Also artwork that has flowing lines like elegant writing. Precise, elegant handwriting done by hand. Calligraphic lines- Greek word meaning “beautiful writing”. Sketch lines- lines that capture the appearance of an object or impression of a plane. Gesture Lines- Line that are energetic and catch the movement and gestures of active figures. Contour lines- lines that describe the shape of an object and the interior detail. Outlines-lines made by the edge of an object or its silhouette. ![]() Feeling-sharp, jagged, graceful, smooth.ĥ Types of line. Direction-horizontal, vertical, diagonal, curving, perpendicular, oblique, parallel, radial, zigzag. Line Color Texture Value Form Space Shape Make a pneumonic device by combining each letter and creating a rhyme to remember the 7 art elements. Lucas Art Teacher Northbridgeģ There are seven Art elements we will be studying The following are types of linesĮlements of Art Ms. It may be a continuous mark made on a surface with a pointed tool or implied by the edges of shapes and forms. 1 Line An element of art that is used to define shape, contours, and outlines, also to suggest mass and volume. Best frame mirrorless11/29/2023 ![]() If your budget is lower than $500, look for a second hand model or an entry-level DSLR instead. New mirrorless cameras start around the $500 price, for which you’ll get a camera with an APS-C or Four Thirds sensor, a basic kit zoom lens and manual control most will also have wifi to connect to your phone, but at this price you won’t generally get a viewfinder, so you’ll be composing with your screen only. Alternatively get yourself a copy of my In Camera book, an official Cameralabs T-shirt or mug, or treat me to a coffee! Thanks! I’ll be recommending a mix of all formats in each category.Ĭheck prices at Amazon, B&H, Adorama, eBay or Wex. The second alliance is L-mount, based on Leica’s full-frame system, but now partnered with Panasonic and Sigma who have both released full-frame bodies and lenses, all of which are compatible with each other. The former employs a Four thirds sensor that’s a little smaller than APS-C and was co-developed by Panasonic and Olympus who share the same mount, allowing them to use each other’s lenses, as well as third party models designed for the system. The exceptions are two alliances: Micro Four Thirds and L-mount. Nikon has the Z-mount for APS-C or full-frame bodies. Canon has RF for APS-C or full-frame, as well as the older EF-M mount for APS-C. There’s Fujifilm’s X-mount, designed for APS-C bodies only. There’s Sony’s e-mount which is designed for APS-C or full-frame bodies. Like DSLRs, most manufacturers have developed their own mirrorless system with a lens mount that’s not compatible with rival systems. For me, mirrorless cameras are more compelling than DSLRs in almost every category and price-point, and I personally made the switch ten years ago when Panasonic and Olympus launched Micro Four Thirds, later supplementing my collection with Fujifilm and Sony gear. Compared to a DSLR there’s inevitably greater power consumption, so batteries won’t last as long, but the latest models are certainly catching-up. The best mirrorless cameras have also banished performance issues of early models and now boast viewfinders with large, detailed images, not to mention focusing and burst shooting capabilities that most DSLRs can only dream of. With 100% electronic composition, you’ll also be able to use a viewfinder for everything you’d see on the screen, including playing images, assisting focus, previewing effects, white balance and colour adjustments, as well as filming and playing movies, and even navigating menus – all much easier in bright conditions than using the screen, not to mention more comfortable for those who are longer-sighted. Since they use their main imaging sensor for focusing, they also have the potential to track and focus subjects right into the corners while also exploiting face and eye-detection, sometimes even for animal subjects. ![]() If you’re shopping for a mirrorless camera, you’ve come to the right place! Mirrorless is the most exciting development in cameras since the birth of digital photography, and on this page I’ll highlight my favourite models! Mirrorless cameras can pack the quality, control and flexibility of a DSLR with their large sensors, exposure adjustment and interchangeable lenses, but by dispensing with the mirror, have the potential to be smaller, lighter, quieter and faster. Onyx hotel boston review11/29/2023 ![]() One possible area of improvement for food would be to improve the room service menu a bit because it was quite limited compared to other hotels. The club lounges offered a good spread of cocktails which were excellent and comparable to what we had at Ziva and it beat the disappointing ones at Zoetry. For lunch it was the complete opposite, the menu was quite extensive and in fact more impressive than the dinner menu, unlike Ziva and Zoetry which had so-so lunch menus but superior dinner menus. For breakfast this turned out to be a necessity because the a la carte menu was slim pickings so in effect the main advantage of club was simply to be sitting in a more quiet restaurant. Since the restaurant for club was close to the buffet we were also offered to go pick some items from the buffet to complement with our menu if we wanted to. (1,760) Hampton Inn & Suites Boston Crosstown Center. For breakfast and lunch, one restaurant was solely reserved for use of club guests which made for a more quiet time and we were glad to avoid the busy crowds of the lone buffet restaurant. SponsoredSimilar hotels Hilton Garden Inn Boston Logan Airport. If I was here on business- I would stay here all the time- location is excellent and the room is perfect for the solo traveler.Despite the lesser price tag at Dreams, the dining venues were almost all a la carte rather than buffet which was a positive surprise. There was always a doorman who also acted as the valet for parking or assisted with baggage. Quincy Market, Haymarket, Boston City Hall, and the Old North Church are a half-mile walk away. Close to the Garden, clean, friendly staff. The staff and front desk were attentive and assisted whenever asked. Next to TD Garden in downtown Boston, our hotel is within walking distance of the city's top attractions. 155 Portland Street, West End, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America Excellent location show map Subway Access. The restaurant in the hotel was quite good and would rate between $$$ and $$$$. Plenty of restaurants surround this hotel. The room was small- but typical of the downtown area. The room was on the upper floors and was decorated quite nicely. That saved us boarding our three dachshunds since there was no charge for them to stay with us. This hotel was a block away and had valet parking for $47 per night. See 1,756 traveler reviews, 470 candid photos, and great deals for Onyx Boston Downtown, ranked 64 of 97 hotels in Boston and rated 4 of 5 at Tripadvisor. We needed to be at the Boston Garden at 7:30AM for the start of our son's UMass graduation and were unsure whether we would have made it there on time fighting Boston's notorious traffic. Now 224 (Was 282) on Tripadvisor: Onyx Boston Downtown, Boston. 13 in Best Hotels in Downtown Boston, Boston Tripadvisor Traveler Rating 4 based on 1738. we would stay here again and will search out other Kimpton Hotels, and we hope they expand into the UK.Ĭompared to the other hotels in downtown Boston, this place was a bargain for the date needed. There is also a great bakery immediately opposite the hotel entrance. The hotel's street itself id quiet despite TD Garden just at the end. There are countless bars and restaurants even 15 minutes walk, mainly Italian as it is just off Little Italy, and a whole street of historic Irish bars also close by. 4.0 Very good 1,755 reviews 64 of 98 hotels in Boston Location 4.4 Cleanliness 4.5 Service 4.4 Value 3.9 GreenLeaders Silver level Next to TD Garden in downtown Boston, our hotel is within walking distance of the city's top attractions. Forfaits tous genres, Cuba, Rpublique Dominicaine, Mexique, Sud. Their is interesting art work throughout the hotel, if you are in 1101 make sure you look closely at the Sherlock Holmes picture. conomisez de 40 70 sur vols, billets davion, croisires, vacances dernire minute. ![]() We found ourselves booked into a penthouse room which was large and comfortable. it is about 10 minutes walk to Long Wharf for the Harbour National park boats and slightly closer to Quincy Market and Faneuil hall. A three-minute walk from TD Garden, the upper-middle-range Kimpton Onyx Hotel is a contemporary property with a great location for all types of travelers. The T, the bus station and the North rail station are all close by. The location is great for exploring Boston, not far from the North-end park of the Greenway walking from here is easy. The staff are outstanding without exception. See 1,743 traveller reviews, 466 photos, and cheap rates for Onyx Boston Downtown, ranked 64 of 98 hotels in Boston and rated 4 of 5 at Tripadvisor. The Onyx was perfect, from their helpful advice 4 weeks ago before we arrived, the front of house who greeted us and helped get the car unloaded, to everyone else who made us welcome. From AU275 per night on Tripadvisor: Onyx Boston Downtown, Boston. ![]() This was our 8th and final hotel after driving 1500 miles of our USA tour, we needed a calm and relaxing 2 days before our flight back to the UK. 2014 honda odyssey ex l11/28/2023 ![]() Do not apply winter tires to only the front axle - this applies to all passenger cars, SUVs and light trucks, including front wheel drive, 4X4 and all-wheel drive vehicles. If winter tires are applied to the front axle of any vehicle, they must also be installed on the rear. ![]()
Apowermirror pc11/28/2023 ![]() Similarly, the app must be download on your phone and PC for the connection to work. This tool is one of the most top-rated apps of its kind. Once visible, click your phone’s name and click on “connect”.Īs the name implies, the tool is used to mirror Android devices to PC.Launch the app on both devices and wait until the name of your phone appeared on your PC.Make sure to connect your phone and your PC under the same network service.Download and install the app on your phone and PC.Therefore, this tool is highly recommended to those who wish to use it for professional or educational purposes. Reflector 3 is pretty similar to ApowerMirror, as it has good video quality and a smooth process. The other version is focused more on educational and business purposes. ![]() This too has another version called, “Reflector Director”. Reflector 3 is known for being a useful tool when it comes to making educational presentations. In any case it does not appear, click on “Redetect”. Once connected under the same network, the name of your PC automatically appears.Launch the app on both devices and on your phone.Download and Install the app on your phone and computer.You can refer to the steps below if you will screen mirror Android to PC. You can either use the “PIN” method or the “QR CODE” scanner. Also, connecting your devices is as easy as 1,2,3 steps. The tool’s interface is very easy to use and understand, so new users will not have a hard time navigating through it. This tool requires internet access to work. With this, you can reflect your phone’s screen wirelessly. It is a screen mirroring app that definitely works with Android, and can also mirror iPhone on PC. Then, enable USB Debugging and tap “start now” on your phone to begin mirroring. Supposed you choose to connect via USB cable, just plug the phone to your PC.Launch the app and get a USB cable to connect or connect them Wi-Fi.Download and install the app by visiting the official website.Meanwhile, here is a guide that you can refer to if you decide to mirror Android to computer using ApowerMirror. Consider trying it by clicking the download buttons below. This way you will have full control of your device. One of which is the ability to control your device using your computer mouse and keyboard. ApowerMirror is known for its multifunctionality because it does not only offer mirroring capabilities, it also has additional functions beneficial for its users. The first on the list is ApowerMirror, one of the most established and trusted apps when it comes to mirroring your device to your PC. Calibre kobo aura one11/28/2023 ![]() Go back to the home screen, then tap More and Beta Features. Don’t worry if no results show up-you were not looking for anything, but enabling the developer mode for your device. Go to the Discover tab and search the store for “devmodeon”. You can play games on your Kobo, but you’ll need to unlock them first. ![]() There, you can search for Kobo plug-ins using the box to the top-right, and once they’re installed you’ll need to restart Calibre for the changes to take effect. For more details, check the Calibre help guide. Open the Preferences menu, then choose Get plug-ins to enhance Calibre. To get the most from Calibre, you should install the optional Kobo plug-ins. Some of the features include changing the metadata stored with your e-books (from the cover image to the series they’re in), converting e-books from other formats to work with your Kobo, and reformatting your e-books in terms of paragraph and line spacing. David NieldĬalibre is a fantastic and free e-book manager application for Windows and macOS, and it’s the perfect companion to your Kobo device. Install Calibre on your computer Calibre makes it easier to manage e-books on your Kobo. Scroll down, and you’ll see an option to change the on-screen controls-four different variations are available. But your Kobo e-reader doesn’t have to stick to this configuration if you don’t want it to.įrom the main home screen on your e-reader, tap More, then Settings and Reading settings. Change your navigation styleīy default you can tap the left side of the screen to go back a page, the right side to go forward a page, and in the middle to bring up the reading menu. Take a look at the MobileRead forums or this Good E-Reader guide to get started and find some downloads. You can pick up a variety of fonts from numerous places on the web. You can copy any font into this folder, and your e-reader should see them after a restart. You can add more if you want to, including the Ember and Bookerly fonts used on the Amazon Kindle.Ĭonnect your Kobo e-reader to a computer using the USB cable that came with your device, then launch File Explorer (in Windows) or Finder (in macOS), browse to your Kobo device, and create a new folder called “Fonts”. You get 11 fonts included with your Kobo e-reader, but you’re not restricted to them. Add more fonts You’ll need to make a dedicated folder to load new fonts. The font size inside your actual e-books can be changed by tapping at the top of any page, tapping the Aa button, then adjusting the Font Size slider. This setting only affects the font used on the main interface, menus, and dialog boxes on your Kobo e-reader. You’ll also get a slider that lets you set the font size to a specific percentage of the original. From the front screen of the interface, tap Beta Features and then check the box labeled Large Print Mode. Kobo e-readers offer this as a dedicated mode for its main interface, but for now it’s only an experimental feature. Paper books often come with a Large Print edition. Press and hold on a book cover to access Read now, View Details, Add to collection, Mark as unread, Mark as finished, and Remove options. The same trick also works when you’re browsing through the Home and My Books screens. While reading an e-book, pressing and holding will bring up the definition of the word you’ve selected, and enable you to add a note or mark a highlight in the same place. But just like them, tapping is not the only thing you can do-you can also press and hold on various parts of the Kobo interface to bring up extra options. The electronic ink screens on Kobo e-readers don’t have the fluidity and speed of smartphone displays. Plaster fun time north reading ma11/28/2023 ![]() In the ancient world, as well as the sort of ornamental designs in plaster relief that are still used, plaster was also widely used to create large figurative reliefs for walls, though few of these have survived.įurther information: Earthen plaster Applying mud plaster to an outside wallĬlay plaster is a mixture of clay, sand and water often with the addition of plant fibers for tensile strength over wood lath.Ĭlay plaster has been used around the world at least since antiquity. In art, lime plaster is the traditional matrix for fresco painting the pigments are applied to a thin wet top layer of plaster and fuse with it so that the painting is actually in coloured plaster. Various types of models and moulds are made with plaster. In dentistry, plaster is used to make dental models by pouring the material into dental impressions. In medicine, plaster orthopedic casts are still often used for supporting set broken bones. Plaster is suitable for finishing rather than load-bearing, and when thickly applied for decoration may require a hidden supporting framework.įorms of plaster have several other uses. Plaster can be relatively easily worked with metal tools and sandpaper and can be moulded, either on site or in advance, and worked pieces can be put in place with adhesive. The reaction with water liberates heat through crystallization and the hydrated plaster then hardens. The plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a stiff but workable paste immediately before it is applied to the surface. The most common types of plaster mainly contain either gypsum, lime, or cement, but all work in a similar way. The term stucco refers to plasterwork that is worked in some way to produce relief decoration, rather than flat surfaces. In English, "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. A plaster low-relief decorative frieze is above it. Stucco plaster reliefs, such as this work at the Chateau de Fontainebleau, were hugely influential in Northern Mannerism. For other uses, see Plaster (disambiguation). ![]() This article is about the type of building material and "Plaster of Paris". 2015 tax write offs11/28/2023 ![]() Remember, too, that long-term care premiums are deductible up to certain amounts, the value of which depends on your age (see chart below). "It's almost never a big number, but if you're taking care of an ill elderly person who is a dependent, you could be doing a lot of driving around for medical purposes," Smith said. "If the person qualifies as a dependent, their medical expenses can be rolled into your return," Smith said.Īnother qualifying cost easily overlooked is what you spend to get yourself or your dependents to the doctor, whether that's bus fare (or a similar expense) or the mileage on your car. More from Personal Finance: Here are five ways people cheat on their taxes Don't panic: Do this if you haven't filed your taxes yet Here's what to do if you can't pay your tax bill on timeįor instance, Smith said, some taxpayers don't realize that an elderly person in their care could qualify as a dependent if they meet certain conditions imposed by the IRS. Although some health outlays might be obvious contenders - i.e., copays, prescription costs - others are more likely to be overlooked. This means it's less likely that itemizing will give you a bigger tax break than the standard deduction when you go to file your tax returns a year from now.įor your 2017 returns, it's worth exploring the IRS list of qualifying expenses. For example, the amount for married couples filing jointly is $24,0, up from $12,700 in 2017. Personal Loans for 670 Credit Score or Lowerīe aware that although the lower threshold is in place for 2018, the standard deduction has nearly doubled for all taxpayers beginning this year. ![]() Personal Loans for 580 Credit Score or Lower You'll do this using Form 2016, Employee Business Expenses.Best Debt Consolidation Loans for Bad Credit If the per diem amount is not sufficient to cover your business expenses, you may take a deduction for unreimbursed expenses on your return. If you're still filing your 2017 taxes, however, there's good news. The TCJA eliminated that expense, trading it out for the much-higher $12,000 standard deduction that applies from the 2018 tax year forward. 2018 Taxes and Unreimbursed ExpensesĪt one time, if an employee's expenses exceeded the per diem tax deductions for working out of town, he could claim it as an unreimbursed employee expense. In some cases, owners can write off even more than 90 of the purchase price. Employees of a sole proprietorship are subject to regular employee per diem rules and reporting on lodging, meals and incidentals. You save about 45 million in taxes each year or 650 million over 15 years. Amounts in excess of the actual expenses must be repaid. The cost of lodging and incidentals can be fully deducted on Schedule C, E or F, depending on the type of business. Self-employed individuals can only use a self-employed per diem for meals and not for combined lodging and meals. For those working as independent contractor, separate self-employed per diem rules apply. At the minimum, the IRS requires records to show the time, place, and business purpose of travel. If the per diem is more than the federal rate, the employer is required to verify both the nature and amount of the expense, or report the excess amount as income. Using bonus depreciation, you can deduct a certain percentage of the cost of an asset in the first year it was purchased, and the remaining cost can be deducted. Employees are expected by IRS rules to keep track of itemized expenses and return any excess per diem payment to the employer, otherwise the excess is reported as wages on the W-2, and taxed as income. ![]() ![]() As such, the amount is not taxable income, as long as the per diem does not exceed the actual expenses incurred. The IRS treats a per diem payment as a reimbursement for business expenses. That went away with the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. If actual expenses exceed the allowed per diem, the employee is no longer allowed to take per diem tax deductions for working out of town as unreimbursed expenses. Travel days are paid at three-quarters of the full day's rate, regardless of the time or length of travel. A company taking per diem tax deductions for working out of town must use one method for all employees for a given year and may not change methods or differentiate among employees. The standard method offers different rates for each location, and while more accurate, it requires more record-keeping. High-low offers only two rates, one for higher-priced locations and a second for lower-priced locations. The GSA uses two methods for calculating per diem, the high-low method and a standard rate. Mosfet transistor inventor11/28/2023 ![]() The advent of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology.He outlined several contributing factors for this exponential behavior: Īt the 1975 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, Moore revised his forecast rate, predicting semiconductor complexity would continue to double annually until about 1980, after which it would decrease to a rate of doubling approximately every two years. Evidence from the semiconductor industry shows that this inverse relationship between power density and areal density broke down in the mid-2000s. ![]() Dennard at IBM recognized the rapid MOSFET scaling technology and formulated what became known as Dennard scaling, which describes that as MOS transistors get smaller, their power density stays constant such that the power use remains in proportion with area. In a 2015 interview, Moore noted of the 1965 article: ".I just did a wild extrapolation saying it's going to continue to double every year for the next 10 years." One historian of the law cites Stigler's law of eponymy, to introduce the fact that the regular doubling of components was known to many working in the field. Moore posited a log-linear relationship between device complexity (higher circuit density at reduced cost) and time. Over the longer term, the rate of increase is a bit more uncertain, although there is no reason to believe it will not remain nearly constant for at least 10 years. Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected to continue, if not to increase. The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year. Within his editorial, he speculated that by 1975 it would be possible to contain as many as 65,000 components on a single quarter-square-inch (~1.6 square-centimeter) semiconductor. His response was a brief article entitled "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits". In 1965, Gordon Moore, who at the time was working as the director of research and development at Fairchild Semiconductor, was asked to contribute to the thirty-fifth anniversary issue of Electronics magazine with a prediction on the future of the semiconductor components industry over the next ten years. Engelbart presented his findings at the 1960 International Solid-State Circuits Conference, where Moore was present in the audience. In 1959, Douglas Engelbart studied the projected downscaling of integrated circuit (IC) size, publishing his results in the article "Microelectronics, and the Art of Similitude". In September 2022 Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang considered Moore's law dead, while Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger was of the opposite view. Microprocessor architects report that semiconductor advancement has slowed industry-wide since around 2010, slightly below the pace predicted by Moore's law. Industry experts have not reached a consensus on exactly when Moore's law will cease to apply. These ongoing changes in digital electronics have been a driving force of technological and social change, productivity, and economic growth. Advancements in digital electronics, such as the reduction in quality-adjusted microprocessor prices, the increase in memory capacity ( RAM and flash), the improvement of sensors, and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras, are strongly linked to Moore's law. ![]() Moore's prediction has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development, thus functioning to some extent as a self-fulfilling prophecy. While Moore did not use empirical evidence in forecasting that the historical trend would continue, his prediction held since 1975 and has since become known as a "law". In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 41%. The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel (and former CEO of the latter), who in 1965 posited a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit, and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. Rather than a law of physics, it is an empirical relationship linked to gains from experience in production. Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend. ![]() Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years. AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |